Tue, Apr 23, 2024
[Archive]
Volume 3, Issue 2 (5-2021)
IJMCL 2021, 3(2): 14-24 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rakei P, VaezMousavi M, Pooraghaei Ardakani Z. (2021). Distribution of Childhood and Adulthood Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder among Iranian Elite Athletes. IJMCL. 3(2), 14-24. doi:10.52547/ijmcl.3.2.14
URL: http://ijmcl.com/article-1-93-en.html
URL: http://ijmcl.com/article-1-93-en.html
Professor of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Department of Sport Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran , mohammadvaezmousavi@chmail.ir
Abstract: (2704 Views)
Background: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) refers to a psychological disorder affecting multiple areas of an individual’s life. This disorder is reported to be more prevalent among athletes in comparison with the general population.
Objective: To the best of our knowledge, there has been no information about the distribution of ADHD among Iranian elite athletes. This study was then designed to investigate the distribution of childhood and adulthood ADHD among Iranian elite athletes.
Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, a number of 180 elite athletes, over 18 years old, from various national team camps, were selected through random sampling. The short version of the Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS-K) and Adult Self-Rating Scale (ASRS) were used for measuring previous childhood and present adulthood ADHD, respectively.
Results: Findings revealed that approximately a quarter of the Iranian elite athletes used to suffer from ADHD in their childhood, and 36% of them carried symptoms to their adulthood life. In addition, 9.5% of the participants only reported the symptoms in their adulthood.
Objective: To the best of our knowledge, there has been no information about the distribution of ADHD among Iranian elite athletes. This study was then designed to investigate the distribution of childhood and adulthood ADHD among Iranian elite athletes.
Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, a number of 180 elite athletes, over 18 years old, from various national team camps, were selected through random sampling. The short version of the Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS-K) and Adult Self-Rating Scale (ASRS) were used for measuring previous childhood and present adulthood ADHD, respectively.
Results: Findings revealed that approximately a quarter of the Iranian elite athletes used to suffer from ADHD in their childhood, and 36% of them carried symptoms to their adulthood life. In addition, 9.5% of the participants only reported the symptoms in their adulthood.
Conclusion: Athletes with different levels of previous Childhood and present Adulthood ADHD are able to successfully participate in elite sports. The level of Childhood ADHD can be mostly reduced due to participation in elite sports.
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
1-3. Sport Psychology
Received: 2021/02/4 | Accepted: 2021/04/25
Received: 2021/02/4 | Accepted: 2021/04/25
References
1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Ed). Washington DC. [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]
2. Banaschewski, T., Besmens, F., Zieger, H., & Rothenberger, A. (2001). Evaluation of Sensorimotor Training in Children with Adhd. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92(1), 137-149. Doi: 10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.137. [DOI:10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.137]
3. Barkham, P. (2012, August 1). What can athletes with ADHD teach us about the condition? Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/aug/01/athletes-with-adhd.
4. Berger, N. A., Müller, A., Brähler, E., Philipsen, A., & Zwaan, M. D. (2014). Association of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with symptoms of excessive exercising in an adult general population sample. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1). Doi: 10.1186/s12888-014-0250-7. [DOI:10.1186/s12888-014-0250-7]
5. Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Evans, M., Small, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2010). How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Research, 177(3), 299-304. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.12.010. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.12.010]
6. Bürgi, F., Meyer, U., Granacher, U., Schindler, C., Marques-Vidal, P., Kriemler, S., & Puder, J. J. (2011). Relationship of physical activity with motor skills, aerobic fitness and body fat in preschool children: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study (Ballabeina). International Journal of Obesity, 35(7), 937-944. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.54. [DOI:10.1038/ijo.2011.54]
7. Caye, A., Spadini, A. V., Karam, R. G., Grevet, E. H., Rovaris, D. L., Bau, C. H. D., … Kieling, C. (2016). Predictors of persistence of ADHD into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(11), 1151-1159. Doi: 10.1007/s00787-016-0831-8. [DOI:10.1007/s00787-016-0831-8]
8. Dutton, J. (2018, January 10). Famous Athletes with ADHD: Inspiring Sports Stars. Retrieved from https://www.additudemag.com/famous-athletes-with-adhd/.
9. Faraone, S. V., & Antshel, K. M. (2008). Diagnosing and treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. World Psychiatry, 7(3), 131-136. Doi: 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00179.x. [DOI:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00179.x]
10. Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Demyttenaere, K., . . . Jin, R. (2007). Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(5), 402-409. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034389. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034389]
11. Fitts, P.M., & Posner, M.I. (1967). Human performance. Brooks/Cole.
12. Gapin, J. I., & Etnier, J. L. (2014). Parental perceptions of the effects of exercise on behavior in children and adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3(4), 320-325. Doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2013.03.002. [DOI:10.1016/j.jshs.2013.03.002]
13. Gapin, J. I., Labban, J. D., & Etnier, J. L. (2011). The effects of physical activity on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: The evidence. Preventive Medicine, 52. Doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.022. [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.022]
14. Grassmann, V., Alves, M. V., Santos-Galduróz, R. F., & Galduróz, J. C. F. (2016). Possible Cognitive Benefits of Acute Physical Exercise in Children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(5), 367-371. Doi: 10.1177/1087054714526041. [DOI:10.1177/1087054714526041]
15. Green, C., Chee, K. (1997) Understanding ADHD - A Parent's Guide to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. 2nd edition. Vermilion Publishing. ISBN 0 009 181700.
16. Han, D. H., Mcduff, D., Thompson, D., Hitchcock, M. E., Reardon, C. L., & Hainline, B. (2019). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in elite athletes: a narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(12), 741-745. Doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100713. [DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2019-100713]
17. Hoza, B., Martin, C. P., Pirog, A., & Shoulberg, E. K. (2016). Using Physical Activity to Manage ADHD Symptoms: The State of the Evidence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(12). Doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0749-3. [DOI:10.1007/s11920-016-0749-3]
18. Hupfeld, K. E., Abagis, T. R., & Shah, P. (2018). Living "in the zone": hyperfocus in adult ADHD. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 11(2), 191-208. Doi: 10.1007/s12402-018-0272-y. [DOI:10.1007/s12402-018-0272-y]
19. Jensen, P. S., & Kenny, D. T. (2004). The effects of yoga on the attention and behavior of boys with Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Journal of Attention Disorders, 7(4), 205-216. Doi: 10.1177/108705470400700403. [DOI:10.1177/108705470400700403]
20. Kaufman, K. R., Bajaj, A., & Schiltz, J. F. (2011). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in gymnastics: preliminary findings. Apunts. Medicina De LEsport, 46(170), 89-95. Doi: 10.1016/j.apunts.2011.01.002. [DOI:10.1016/j.apunts.2011.01.002]
21. Kessler, R. C., Adler, L. A., Gruber, M. J., Sarawate, C. A., Spencer, T., & Brunt, D. L. V. (2007). Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 16(2), 52-65. Doi: 10.1002/mpr.208. [DOI:10.1002/mpr.208]
22. Kilpatrick, M., Hebert, E., & Bartholomew, J. (2005). College Students Motivation for Physical Activity: Differentiating Men and Women Motives for Sport Participation and Exercise. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 87-94. Doi: 10.3200/jach.54.2.87-94. [DOI:10.3200/JACH.54.2.87-94]
23. Mccann, B. S., Scheele, L., Ward, N., & Roy-Byrne, P. (2000). Discriminant Validity of the Wender Utah Rating Scale for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12(2), 240-245. Doi: 10.1176/jnp.12.2.240. [DOI:10.1176/jnp.12.2.240]
24. Moffitt, T. E., Houts, R., Asherson, P., Belsky, D. W., Corcoran, D. L., Hammerle, M., … Caspi, A. (2015). Is Adult ADHD a Childhood-Onset Neurodevelopmental Disorder? Evidence from a Four-Decade Longitudinal Cohort Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(10), 967-977. Doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101266. [DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101266]
25. Mokhtari, H., Rabiei, M., & Salimi, S. H. (2015). Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale--Persian Version. PsycTESTS Dataset. doi:10.1037/t67913-000. [DOI:10.1037/t67913-000]
26. Mousavi, A., Bazrafshan, Z., & Khosrai, A. (2020). Validity and Reliability of Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Persian Version (ASRS-V1.1-Persian). International Journal of Health Studies. Doi: 10.22100/ijhs.v6i1.718.
27. Nadeau, K. G., & Quinn, P. O. (2002). Understanding women with AD/HD. Washington, DC: Advantage Books.
28. Nazeer, A. A., Mansour, M. A., & Gross, K. A. (2014). ADHD and Adolescent Athletes. Frontiers in Public Health, 2. Doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00046. [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00046]
29. Neudecker, C., Mewes, N., Reimers, A. K., & Woll, A. (2015). Exercise Interventions in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(4), 307-324. Doi: 10.1177/1087054715584053. [DOI:10.1177/1087054715584053]
30. Pan, C., Chang, Y., Tsai, C., Chu, C., Cheng, Y., & Sung, M. (2014). Effects of Physical Activity Intervention on Motor Proficiency and Physical Fitness in Children with ADHD: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(9), 783-795. Doi: 10.1177/1087054714533192. [DOI:10.1177/1087054714533192]
31. Parr, J. W. (2011). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the Athlete: New Advances and Understanding. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 30(3), 591-610. Doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2011.03.007. [DOI:10.1016/j.csm.2011.03.007]
32. Phelps, M., & Abrahamson, A. (2009). No limits: the will to succeed. Free Press. ISBN-10: 9781439157664.
33. Piepmeier, A. T., Shih, C.-H., Whedon, M., Williams, L. M., Davis, M. E., Henning, D. A., … Etnier, J. L. (2015). The effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance in children with and without ADHD. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(1), 97-104. Doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.11.004. [DOI:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.11.004]
34. Putukian, M., Kreher, J. B., Coppel, D. B., Glazer, J. L., Mckeag, D. B., & White, R. D. (2011). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the Athlete: An American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 21(5), 392-400. Doi: 10.1097/jsm.0b013e3182262eb1. [DOI:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182262eb1]
35. Retz-Junginger, P., Retz, W., Blocher, D., Weijers, H.-G., Trott, G.-E., Wender, P., & Rössler, M. (2002). Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-k) Die deutsche Kurzform zur retrospektiven Erfassung des hyperkinetischen Syndroms bei Erwachsenen. Der Nervenarzt, 73(9), 830-838. Doi: 10.1007/s00115-001-1215-x. [DOI:10.1007/s00115-001-1215-x]
36. Rommel, A.-S., Halperin, J. M., Mill, J., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2013). Protection from Genetic Diathesis in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Possible Complementary Roles of Exercise. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(9), 900-910. Doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.018. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.018]
37. Sarrami-Foroushani, P. (1379/ 2001). Validation and reliability of Wender-Utah rating scale to diagnosing the Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder in Isfahan (a city in Iran), unpublished doctorate thesis in Persian, Isfahan University of medical sciences.
38. Schinke, R. J., Stambulova, N. B., Si, G., & Moore, Z. (2017). International society of sport psychology position stand: Athletes' mental health, performance, and development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(6), 622-639. doi:10.1080/1612197x.2017.1295557. [DOI:10.1080/1612197X.2017.1295557]
39. Shekari H, Nahavandi A, Ahmadi M. Persian Manuscript of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale Expected Internal Consistency and Factor Structure in Iranian Medical Students, Ann Mil Health Sci Res. 2017 ; 15(4):e68579. doi:10.5812/amh.68579. [DOI:10.5812/amh.68579]
40. Silva, A. P., Prado, S. O., Scardovelli, T. A., Boschi, S. R., Campos, L. C., & Frère, A. F. (2015). Measurement of the Effect of Physical Exercise on the Concentration of Individuals with ADHD. Plos One, 10(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122119. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0122119]
41. Sirard, J., Pfeiffer, K., & Pate, R. (2006). Motivational factors associated with sports program participation in middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(6), 696-703. Doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.07.013. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.07.013]
42. Smith, A. L., Hoza, B., Linnea, K., Mcquade, J. D., Tomb, M., Vaughn, A. J., … Hook, H. (2013). Pilot Physical Activity Intervention Reduces Severity of ADHD Symptoms in Young Children. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(1), 70-82. Doi: 10.1177/1087054711417395. [DOI:10.1177/1087054711417395]
43. Smith, S. D. (2000). Examining the role of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Adhd) in the life experiences of university student-athletes (dissertation).
44. Song, M., Lauseng, D., Lee, S., Nordstrom, M., & Katch, V. (2016). Enhanced Physical Activity Improves Selected Outcomes in Children With ADHD. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(9), 1155-1184. Doi: 10.1177/0193945916649954. [DOI:10.1177/0193945916649954]
45. Stewman, C. G., Liebman, C., Fink, L., & Sandella, B. (2017). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Unique Considerations in Athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 10(1), 40-46. doi:10.1177/1941738117742906. [DOI:10.1177/1941738117742906]
46. Strack, B., Linden, M., & Wilson, V. S. (2011). Biofeedback & Neurofeedback applications in sport psychology. Wheat Ridge, CO: Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback.
47. VaezMousavi M, Shams A. (2017). Mental Health of Iranian Elite Athletes. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. Doi: 05(03):191-202. [DOI:10.30699/acadpub.ijhehp.5.3.191]
48. Verret, C., Guay, M.-C., Berthiaume, C., Gardiner, P., & Béliveau, L. (2012). A Physical Activity Program Improves Behavior and Cognitive Functions in Children with ADHD: an exploratory study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16(1), 71-80. Doi: 10.1177/1087054710379735. [DOI:10.1177/1087054710379735]
49. Ward, M. F., Wender, P. H., & Reimherr, F. W. (1993). Wender Utah Rating Scale. PsycTESTS Dataset. doi:10.1037/t16514-000. [DOI:10.1037/t16514-000]
50. White, R. D., Harris, G. D., & Gibson, M. E. (2013). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 6(2), 149-156. Doi: 10.1177/1941738113484679. [DOI:10.1177/1941738113484679]
51. Wymbs, B. T., Molina, B. S. G., Belendiuk, K. A., Pedersen, S. L., Walther, C. A. P., Cheong, J. W., … Pelham, W. E. (2013). Motorsports Involvement among Adolescents and Young Adults with Childhood ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(2), 220-231. Doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.759227. [DOI:10.1080/15374416.2012.759227]
52. Yadegari N, Sayehmiri K, Zamanian Azodi M, Sayehmiri F , Modara F . (2018). the Prevalence of Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder among Iranian Children: A Meta-Analysis, Iran J Psychiatry Behavior Sciences. 12(4):e8990. Doi: 10.5812/ijpbs.8990. [DOI:10.5812/ijpbs.8990]
53. Zeng, N., Ayyub, M., Sun, H., Wen, X., Xiang, P., & Gao, Z. (2017). Effects of Physical Activity on Motor Skills and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: A Systematic Review. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1-13. doi:10.1155/2017/2760716. [DOI:10.1155/2017/2760716]
54. Ziereis, S., & Jansen, P. (2015). Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 181-191. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.005. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.005]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and Permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). |
Publisher
- Iranian Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology Association (IMBSPA)
